Military Capability Definition

Naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces

This article is about the Naval Forces of the Republic of Turkey established in 1923. For the Turkish Navy in the Ottoman period, see Ottoman Navy.

Military unit

The Turkish Naval Forces (Turkish: Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Navy (Turkish: Türk Donanması) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.

The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was established as the Directorate of Naval Affairs during the Turkish War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since July 1949, the service has been officially known as the Turkish Naval Forces.

In 2008, the Turkish Navy had a reported active personnel strength of 48,600; this figure included an Amphibious Marines Brigade as well as several Special Forces and Commando detachments.^[4] As of early 2021, the navy operates a wide variety of ships and 60 maritime aircraft.

History

Main article: Ottoman Navy

Ottoman fleet after Mudros

Following the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, on November 3, 1918, the fleet commander of the Ottoman Navy, rear admiral Arif Pasha, ordered all flags to be struck on all warships lying in the Golden Horn, and the Ottoman Navy ceased to exist.^[5] The major surface combatants of the former Ottoman fleet (totalling 62,000 tons) were rendered inactive by the Allies and in accordance with the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the warships were disarmed during the last week of 1918. The battleship Turgut Reis and the cruisers Hamidiye and Mecidiye were substantially limited and kept inactive inside the Golden Horn by the occupying forces.^[6] Due to its larger size, the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim was transferred to the Gulf of Izmit on the grounds that she could adversely affect the sea traffic inside the Golden Horn;^[6] while her ammunition and guns were removed.^[6] During this period, only a small number of Ottoman Navy vessels were allowed by the Allies to remain on active coast guard duties and were released from internment on 26 February 1919;^[5] such as the torpedo boats Akhisar and Dıraç which patrolled the Sea of Marmara, the gunboat Hızır Reis which patrolled the Gulf of İzmir, and the minelayers Nusret and Tir-i Müjgan which conducted mine cleaning operations in the Gulf of Saros.^[6]

Before the Turkish War of Independence began, the Bahriye Nazırlığı (Naval Ministry) sent the gunboat Preveze to Sinop and the gunboat Aydın Reis to Trabzon in February 1919 for surveillance, reconnaissance and patrol duties.^[6] However, a lack of coal to fuel their propulsion systems caused the Preveze and Aydın Reis to remain in harbour until the end of 1919.^[6] During the early stages of the Turkish War of Independence, these two gunboats did not return to Istanbul, despite heavy pressure from the Ottoman government and the Allies.^[6] Instead, they were placed under the command of the Turkish liberation forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and headquartered in Ankara.^[6]

Turkish War of Independence

Directorate of Naval Affairs

A large number of the naval officers and students of the Naval Academy went to Anatolia for participating in the Turkish War of Independence. On 10 July 1920, the Directorate of Naval Affairs (Umur-u Bahriye Müdürlüğü) was founded in Ankara under the Ministry of National Defense and was given the duty of organizing and maintaining strategic logistical shipping through the Black Sea in order to provide the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with weapons and other supplies.^[6] All existing naval institutions in the parts of Anatolia that were administered by the Ankara government were assigned to this Directorate.^[6] The Directorate of Naval Affairs was extremely successful in organizing local surface units and volunteers and in forming an intelligence network to discover the movements of the enemy ships.^[6] As a result, logistic transportation was carried out effectively.^[6] The Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara made an agreement with the Soviet Union to procure supplies for the Turkish liberation forces.^[6]Aydın Reis left from Samsun (on 16 September 1920) and Preveze left from Trabzon (on 30 September 1920) for Novorossiysk in order to transport weapons, other supplies and financial aid to the Turkish liberation forces.^[5][6] The Trabzon Shipping Detachment, which was founded on 21 September 1920, was renamed as the Trabzon Naval Shipping Command with the directive issued by the Ministry of National Defense on 26 October 1920.^[6] On January 1, 1921, the Samsun Naval Command was formed.^[7] In the subsequent stages of the Turkish War of Independence, due to the growing need for maritime shipping and the increase in the quantity and quality of the units and small ships, the organizational structure of the Directorate of Naval Affairs was gradually extended.^[6]

In the same period, a number of Turkish civilian seamen formed a group under the name of the Naval Aid Organization (Muavenet-i Bahriye).^[7] This group secretly obtained cannons, light weapons, ammunition, landmines and ordnance from the former Ottoman military warehouses in Istanbul that were under the control of the occupying Allies and sent them to the Turkish liberation forces in Anatolia with civil water transportation crafts.^[7]

On 1 March 1921, the Directorate of Naval Affairs was transformed into the Presidency of the Naval Department (Bahriye Dairesi Reisliği) and had control over the Naval Commands in Samsun, Amasra and İzmit (formed on 28 June 1921); the Naval Transport Detachment in Trabzon; the Naval Transport Command in Ereğli; the Naval Detachment in Lake Eğirdir; and the Naval Liaison Group in Fethiye (formed on 16 March 1921.)^[6] During the War of Independence, Turkish naval forces transported 220,000 tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment to the land forces in Anatolia.^[7]

Ministry of the Navy

Following the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922, the former Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırlığı) building in the Kasımpaşa quarter of Istanbul, on the Golden Horn, became the headquarters of the Istanbul Naval Command on 14 November 1922.^[6] The establishment of the Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Vekâleti) of the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara, was decided by the Grand National Assembly on 29 December 1924, and Topçu İhsan Bey (İhsan Eryavuz) was appointed the first (and only) Naval Minister of Turkey.^[8][9] When the Republic of Turkey was established on 29 October 1923, the former Ottoman vessels that remained under Turkish control were as follows:^[10]

In active service: 2 cruisers (Hamidiye, Peyk-i Şevket), 2 yachts (Ertuğrul, Söğütlü), 1 destroyer (Taşoz), 4 gunboats (Burak Reis, Hızır Reis, Kemal Reis, İsa Reis), 1 minelayer (Nusret), 1 aviso (Galata), 4 tugs and 7 motorboats. Out of service (needing repair): 2 battleships (Yavuz Sultan Selim, Turgut Reis), 2 cruisers (Berk-i Satvet, Mecidiye), 4 destroyers (Muâvenet-i Millîye, Nümune-i Hamiyet, Basra, Samsun), 6 torpedo boats (Sultanhisar, Yunus, Akhisar, Dıraç, Musul, Berk Efşan), 1 gunboat (Sakız).

Preparations were made to carry out the maintenance and overhaul of small-tonnage warships (the three Taşoz-class destroyers and the gunboats Burak Reis, Sakız, İsa Reis and Kemal Reis) and to make them combat-ready.^[6] Thus, the cruiser Hamidiye, which was planned to be employed as a Cadet Training Ship, was overhauled.^[6]

During the 1920s, a commitment to refurbish the battlecruiser TCG Yavuz (which remained in active service until 1950) as the centerpiece of the republic's fleet was the only constant element of the various naval policies which were put forward.^[11] The battlecruiser remained in İzmit until 1926, in a neglected state:^[12][13][14] only two of her boilers worked, she could not steer or steam, and she still had two unrepaired scars from the mine damage in 1918. Enough money was raised to allow the purchase of a new 26,000-metric-ton (26,000-long-ton) floating dock from the German company Flender,^[6] as Yavuz could not be towed anywhere without risk of her sinking in rough seas.^[15] The French company Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet was contracted in December 1926 to oversee the subsequent refit, which was carried out by the Gölcük Naval Shipyard.^[13] Since the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 required the disarmament of the Turkish Straits, the infrastructures belonging to the Turkish Naval Forces on the Bosphorus (in Istinye) and on the Golden Horn were transferred to Gölcük.^[6] In this period, Gölcük was designated as the main Turkish naval base.^[6]

The overhaul works of TCG Yavuz proceeded over three years (1927–1930); they were delayed when several compartments of the dock collapsed while being pumped out. Yavuz was slightly damaged before she could be refloated and the dock had to be repaired before the overhaul works could be resumed. The Minister of the Navy, İhsan Eryavuz, was convicted of embezzlement in the resulting investigation which became known as the Yavuz-Havuz case (havuz meaning "dock" in Turkish naval engineering terminology.)^[15] The investigation revealed that Ihsan Eryavuz had reduced the insurance obligation of the French company (Atelier et Chantiers de St. Nazaire-Penhöet) from 5 million to 1.5 million Turkish liras, and was convicted guilty of fraud,^[16] which resulted in the abolition of the Ministry of the Navy on 27 December 1927.^[7][17]

Undersecretariat of the Sea

Following the dissolution of the Ministry of the Navy, the naval forces were reorganized under the Ministry of National Defense^[9] and on 16 January 1928^[17] the Undersecretariat of the Sea (Deniz Müsteşarlığı) was established in order to undertake the duties of the former Ministry of the Navy.^[7] With this new reorganization, the Turkish Fleet Command was put under the command of the Turkish General Staff in terms of administration and logistics.^[6] On 2 November 1930, the Naval War College (Deniz Harp Akademisi) commenced training and education of Staff Officers at its facilities in the Yıldız Palace.^[6] During World War II, the naval schools were temporarily relocated from Istanbul to Mersin for security reasons and conducted education and training activities in this city.^[6]

In 1933, with the approval of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Gölcük was designated as the main base of the Turkish Navy.^[6] In the same year, the first new ship built at the Gölcük Naval Shipyard, the tanker TCG Gölcük, was laid down; and launched the following year.^[6] With the signing of the Montreaux Convention in 1936, Turkey's sovereignty over the Turkish Straits was internationally recognized, and Fortified Area Commands were founded on the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, with Naval Detachments assigned to these Commands.^[6]

Naval Forces Command

The Turkish Naval Forces were represented under the title of the Naval Undersecreteriat at the Turkish General Staff Headquarters in Ankara from 1928 to 1949.^[6] The historic decree of the Higher Military Council on 15 August 1949 led to the foundation of the Turkish Naval Forces Command (Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı.)^[6] After Turkey joined NATO on 18 February 1952, the Turkish Naval Forces were integrated into the organizational branches of the alliance.^[6]

Structure

In 1961, the Turkish Naval Forces Command was organized into four main subordinate commands: The Turkish Fleet Command, the Turkish Northern Sea Area Command, the Turkish Southern Sea Area Command and the Turkish Naval Training Command.^[6] In 1995, the Turkish Naval Training Command was renamed as the Turkish Naval Training and Education Command.^[6]

Current Structure

• Fleet Command, Gölcük Naval Base, Kocaeli
  • Surface Action Group Command, Gölcük Naval Base, Kocaeli
  • Submarine Group Command, Gölcük Naval Base, Kocaeli
  • Fast Patrol Boat Group Command, İstanbul
  • Mine Warfare Group Command, Erdek Naval Base, Balıkesir
  • Logistic Support Group Command, Gölcük Naval Base, Kocaeli
  • Naval Aviation Group Command, Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station, Kocaeli
  • Gölcük Naval Base Command, Kocaeli
  • Gölcük Naval Shipyard Command, Kocaeli
  • Inventory Control Center Command, Kocaeli
  • Marine Supply Center Command, Kocaeli
  • Yıldızlar Surface Training Center, Gölcük, Kocaeli
• Northern Sea Area Command, İstanbul
  • Istanbul Strait Command, Anadolukavağı, İstanbul
  • Çanakkale Strait Command, Nara, Çanakkale
  • Black Sea Area Command, Karadeniz Ereğli, Zonguldak
  • Underwater Search and Rescue Group Command, Beykoz, İstanbul
  • Naval Hydrography and Oceanography Division Command, Çubuklu, İstanbul
  • Bartın Naval Base Command, Bartın
  • Naval Museum Command, Beşiktaş, İstanbul
  • Istanbul Naval Shipyard Command, Pendik
• Southern Sea Area Command, İzmir
  • Amphibious Task Group Command, Foça, İzmir
  • Aksaz Naval Base Command, Aksaz Naval Base, Marmaris
  • Mediterranean Area Command, Mersin
  • İskenderun Naval Base Command, İskenderun, Hatay
  • Agean Sea Area Command, İzmir
  • Foça Naval Base Command, Foça, İzmir
  • Maintenance, Repair and Engineering Command, İzmir
• Naval Training and Education Command, İstanbul

Marines and Special Forces

The Turkish Navy maintains marine, explosive ordnance disposal and special operations units such as:

Equipment

Ships and submarines

Further information: List of active ships of the Turkish Naval Forces, Lists of ships of the Turkish Navy, and List of miscellaneous ships of the Turkish Navy

As of 2023 the navy operates a wide variety of ships, including; 1 Amphibious Assault Ship/Helicopter Carrier 16 frigates, 4 corvettes, 12 submarines, 18 missile boats, 21 patrol vessels + 4 fast boats, 11 mine countermeasures vessels, 74 landing ships and crafts, and 40 auxiliary ships and boats. In 2023, the total displacement of the Turkish Navy is 302,314,5+ tonnes.^{[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]}

Aircraft and Vehicles

The Turkish Navy operates a total of 87 aircraft, including 19 fixed-wing aircraft, 47 helicopters and 23 unmanned aerial vehicles.

Handguns

Submachine Guns

Shotguns

Sniper Rifles

Machine Guns

Assault Rifles

Grenade Launchers

Future of the Turkish Navy

The Turkish Navy is currently undergoing several modernisation programmes to replace its ageing equipment. As of 2023, the major modernisation projects are as follows:

Ships & Submarines

TF-2000-class air defense destroyer

A total of 15 ships of three types (Corvette (Ada Class), Frigate (I Class) and Destroyer (TF-2000 Class)) will be built within the scope of the National Ship (MILGEM) project, which aims to meet the warship needs of the Turkish Navy through national means. The first four ships built within this scope, the corvettes TCG Heybeliada (F-511), TCG Büyükada (F-512), TCG Burgazada (F-513) and TCG Kınalıada (F-514), have been delivered to the Naval Forces Command.

The design activities of the TF-2000 classAAWdestroyer,^[65] the last phase of the MILGEM Project, was started by the Design Project Office (DPO) of the Turkish Navy in 2017.^[65] Initially four ships will be built, with the option to build up to eight in total.^[65] The first TF-2000 class destroyer is planned to be delivered to the Turkish Navy in 2027.^[65][66]

Istanbul-class frigate

The I-class Frigate Program was launched to construct four frigates to replace the aging Yavuz-class Frigates in the mid-2020s. Developed under the MILGEM indigenous warship program, the Istanbul-class is an enlarged variant of the Ada-class anti-submarine warfare corvette. The I-class Frigates will have around 50% increased fuel capacity and operational range capability compared to the Ada-class corvettes.^[67]

The first Istanbul-class frigate TCG İstanbul [tr] was launched on 23 January 2021.^[68][69][70] It is expected that the acceptance tests will be completed in January 2023 and the ship will be delivered in September 2023.^[71]

Barbaros-class frigate modernization

With the Barbaros Class Frigate Half-Life Modernization Project, which has been going on for a long time, it is aimed to remove the existing combat systems of four Barbaros Class Frigates registered in the inventory of the Naval Forces Command, and to equip them with systems developed locally and nationally by the Aselsan-Havelsan consortium in accordance with the requirements of the era.

It is planned that the modernization of the first ship to be equipped with domestic systems will be completed in February 2022 and the ship will be put into service.^[72]

Preveze-class submarine modernization

Half-life Modernisation Project of Preveze Class Submarines covers the modernisation of TCG Preveze (S-353), TCG Sakarya (S-354), TCG 18 Mart (S-355) and TCG Anafartalar (S-356) submarines in the inventory of the Naval Forces Command. Modernisation activities are carried out by STM-ASELSAN-HAVELSAN and ASFAT Partnership.

In the modernisation process, it is planned to carry out the procurement activities of Inertial Navigation System, Salinity-Depth-Density Measurement System, Floating Antenna, Satellite Communication Mast, Assault and Navigation Periscope System, Emergency Underwater Communication System, Cooled Water System, Static Converter and Air Freshening System by STM.^[73]

Reis-class submarine

The Type 214 class vessels are the first submarines in the Turkish Navy with air-independent propulsion (AIP), which is made possible by fuel cell technology. The submarines can also deploy heavyweight torpedoes and anti-ship missiles, and lay mines against targets, both at sea and on land. Apart from Piri Reis, five more submarines of the project are expected to be commissioned by 2027. The sea trials of the first submarine of the class, Piri Reis, began on December 6, 2022.^[74] The outfitting of the project's second submarine Hızır Reis and the hull production phases of two other vessels are ongoing. In 2015, Gölcük Naval Shipyard commenced a 10-year programme to build six Type 214 submarines, locally known as the Reis-class submarines, with technology from Thyssen-Krupp Marine Systems of Germany.^[75]

Aircraft, UAVs & UCAVs

Baykar MIUS KızılelmaUCAV

Developed for the Turkish Navy and Turkish Air Force as part of Project MIUS, the jet-engined Baykar KızılelmaUCAV is designed to operate on TCG Anadolu.^[18][19] Its maiden flight took place on December 14, 2022.^[18][80][81]

Bayraktar TB3UCAV

In February 2021, chairman of the Presidency of Defense Industries (SSB) Ismail Demir made public a new type of UAV being developed by Baykar that is planned to be stationed to Turkey's first amphibious assault ship, TCG Anadolu.^[88] The new aircraft being developed is a naval version of the Bayraktar TB2 equipped with a local engine developed by TEI.^[89] According to the initial plans the ship was expected to be equipped with F-35B fighter jets but following the removal of Turkey from the procurement program, the vessel got into a modification process to be able to accommodate UAVs. Mr. Demir stated that between 30 and 50 folding-winged Bayraktar TB3 UAVs will be able to land and take off using the deck of Anadolu.^{[82][19][90][83][84][91]}

USVs

ULAQ Armed USV

ULAQ is the first indigenous and locally developed Armed Unmanned Surface Vehicle (AUSV). The vehicle is being developed by a joint venture between Ares Shipyard and METEKSAN. The vessel is planned to be equipped with four Cirit and two L-UMTASanti-tank missile systems provided by Roketsan. Moreover, ULAQ is projected to have a 400-kilometer-long cruising range with 65 km per hour maximum speed. The vessel is planned to be operated in missions such as reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence, surface warfare, asymmetric warfare, armed escort and force protection, and strategic facility security.^[92] Currently, the project is undergoing sea trials and will start to fire tests through the third quarter of 2021.^[93][94] First firing test of the vessel was completed on 26 May 2021 by destroying a designated target with Roketsan Cirit Missile.^[95]

Istanbul Naval Museum

The Istanbul Naval Museum is located in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey. It was established in 1897 by the Ottoman Minister of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırı) Bozcaadalı Hasan Hüsnü Pasha.^[100][101]

The museum contains an important collection of military artifacts pertaining to the Ottoman Navy.^[100] In the maritime field, it is Turkey's largest museum, with a great variety of collections. Around 20,000 pieces are present in its collection, including the late 16th or early 17th century Ottoman Navygalley known as Tarihi Kadırga, built in the period between the reigns of Sultan Murad III (1574–1595) and Sultan Mehmed IV (1648–1687),^[96][97] as evidenced by AMS radiocarbon dating and dendrochronological research.^[97] She is the only surviving original galley in the world,^[96][98] and has the world's oldest continuously maintained wooden hull.^[99]

Being connected to the Turkish Naval Forces Command, it is also the country's first military museum.^[102]

In the early 21st century a new exhibition building was constructed. The construction began in 2008, and the building was reopened on October 4, 2013. It has two floors above ground level and one basement floor, all covering 20,000 m² (220,000 sq ft).^[102]

The basement consists of diverse items like figureheads, ornaments of naval ships, ship models, and pieces of the Byzantine chain that was used for blocking the entrance of the Golden Horn during the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453. In the first and second floors, a large number of imperial and other caïques are exhibited.

Many exhibition items underwent special restoration and conservation works due to deformation of the raw materials caused by heat, light, humidity, atmospheric conditions, vandalism and other factors.^[102]

Insignia

Main article: Ranks of the Turkish Navy

• Non-Turkish speakers might like to know that OF3, OF2, and OR2 literally translates as "Head of 1000", "Head of 100", and "Head of 10", respectively.

See also

Notes

References

Team and Collective Training Needs Analysis E-Kitap Açıklaması

Military capability is delivered operationally at a team and collective level, be it a unit as small as a squad or section, or as large as a maritime task group. Modern military forces are required to deal with a potentially wide range of missions frequently involving multiple alliance partners, within a geopolitical environment which can seem to change rapidly. Individual performance, while being important, is not the primary determinant of mission success - force integration, interoperability, adaptability and teamwork are key factors. Team and collective training which fully addresses these factors is fundamental to the development and delivery of military capability. As a consequence, the requirement to determine training requirements and specify effective systems for the delivery of team and collective training is critical to operational success.

Training Needs Analysis (also known as Front End Analysis), is a well-established methodology for analysing training requirements and specifying training solutions used extensively by the UK and its NATO partners. However, the analytical techniques employed are optimised for individual training, with little guidance being offered on its application in the team and collective context. Team and Collective Training Needs Analysis (TCTNA) has been developed to close this methodological gap. It addresses the issues of the relationship of individual and team tasks, teamwork, command and control, task and training environments, scenario definition, instructional strategy, team training approaches, instructional functions, and wide-ranging organisational and procurement considerations.

Part One of the book develops an integrated set of models which underpin the analytical approach presented in Part Two. Worked examples and case studies illustrate the application of the approach. Between 2005 and 2015 the authors worked on numerous training-related research projects at Cranfield University and Coventry University for the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre and the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre on behalf of the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defence.

• Ürün Adı Team and Collective Training Needs Analysis
• John Huddlestone, Jonathan Pike
• Barkod 9781134794942