( - ) , ( ) . , pH, . , ( ) H 3 O + .
, , . .
) . , , pH. , (, ), , .
XVII - , . . , , , ( Observations sur les eaux , . 25 ). Cours de Chymie ( ) : .
- . . . K 2 CO 3 . .
, . . . , , . , pH . : , . pH.
XIX - , , , Luck ( .), (). .
. , . , .
, . (, , . .).
() | () | () | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
, BBT ( 1- ) | - | ≈ | |||
( - 1- ) | 0,0–1,0 | ||||
0,0–1,6 | - | ||||
( - 1 - ) | 0,,8 | - | |||
( - 1- ) | 1,2–2,8 | ||||
2,,0 | |||||
(BBP) | 3,0–4,6 | ||||
3,,2 | |||||
( ) | 3,,4 | ||||
Helianthine | |||||
3,,4 | |||||
4,,3 | |||||
( ) | |||||
5,,8 | |||||
, BBT ( 2 ) | |||||
( ) | 6,,0 | ||||
6,,0 | - | ||||
( - 2 ) | 7,,8 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 8,,6 | ||||
8,,0 | |||||
9,,6 | |||||
R | 10,1–12,0 | - | |||
11,0–12,4 | |||||
11,,0 | |||||
( - 2 ) | - | 11,,2 |
. , , . . , pH> 14, . , , . - . , , .
() | () | () | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
( - 1- ) | 0,,0 | - | |||
( - 1 - ) | 0,,0 | ||||
( - 1- ) | 1,,0 | ||||
( - 1 - ) | 2,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 3,,0 | ||||
( - 1 - ) | 3,,0 | - | |||
( - 1 - ) | 3,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | - | 5,,0 | - | ||
( - 3 ) | 6,,0 | ||||
( - 4- ) | 8,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | - | 8,,0 | - | ||
( - 5 - ) | 10,,0 | ||||
10,,0 | - | ||||
10,,0 | - | ||||
( - 3 ) | - | 10,,0 | - | ||
10,,0 | |||||
( - 2 ) | 11,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 11,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 11,,0 | ||||
- | 11,,0 | ||||
11,,0 | |||||
( - 6 - ) | 11,,0 | - | |||
( - 3 ) | 12,,0 | - | |||
( - 3 ) | 12,,0 | ||||
( - 7 ) | - | 12,,0 | |||
12,,0 | |||||
( - 3 ) | - | 13,,0 |
pH:
. :
PH ( ) - , . H + . H + ( 1 1), H 3 O + ( ). , ([H 3 O + ] <1 M [HO -, :
, , pH 0 14, . , , , :
, pH 7, , 7, , 7. , . .
, pH. pH, , . , . , p K i , , , , . pH p K i .
- , . .: () , - .
/ ( ). InH , In - . , - , , :
[X] - X ·p K i, K i : p K i p K i, .
p K i .
- , A ( ) , , :
, :
Φ 0 Φ 1 - .
ε λ (1) ε λ (2) c 1 c 2 , :
, , , , :
, .
, pH, p K i .
, , , :
:
p K i InH / In - :
, . . , , , , . :
, . ( σ π , n p). ( π- , n π * ) ( ):
λ max () | ||
---|---|---|
C = C | π → π * | |
C = O | π → π * | |
C 6 H 5 | → π * π → π * | - |
N = N | → π * | |
N = O | → π * |
, , , , .
- . , .
, , –OH, –OCH 3 , –NH 2 , –Cl, –N (CH 3 ) 2 , , , . , .
- : . π- , , , .
- - - , . , , , . .
R-CO-OR ' 2 " . .
R-SO 2 -OR «, , .. , « » ( «» pH).
\ | 2 " | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 ' | 3 ' | 4 ' | 5 ' |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO 3 - | Br | Br | |||||||
SO 3 - | Br | Br | Br | Br | |||||
SO 3 - | Br | Br | Br | Br | |||||
SO 3 - | |||||||||
CO 2 - | |||||||||
CO 2 - | |||||||||
NMe 2 | NMe 2 |
( - ) , ( ) . , pH, . , ( ) H 3 O + .
, , . .
) . , , pH. , (, ), , .
XVII - , . . , , , ( Observations sur les eaux , . 25 ). Cours de Chymie ( ) : .
- . . . K 2 CO 3 . .
, . . . , , . , pH . : , . pH.
XIX - , , , Luck ( .), (). .
. , . , .
, . (, , . .).
() | () | () | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
, BBT ( 1- ) | - | ≈ | |||
( - 1- ) | 0,0–1,0 | ||||
0,0–1,6 | - | ||||
( - 1 - ) | 0,,8 | - | |||
( - 1- ) | 1,2–2,8 | ||||
2,,0 | |||||
(BBP) | 3,0–4,6 | ||||
3,,2 | |||||
( ) | 3,,4 | ||||
Helianthine | |||||
3,,4 | |||||
4,,3 | |||||
( ) | |||||
5,,8 | |||||
, BBT ( 2 ) | |||||
( ) | 6,,0 | ||||
6,,0 | - | ||||
( - 2 ) | 7,,8 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 8,,6 | ||||
8,,0 | |||||
9,,6 | |||||
R | 10,1–12,0 | - | |||
11,0–12,4 | |||||
11,,0 | |||||
( - 2 ) | - | 11,,2 |
. , , . . , pH> 14, . , , . - . , , .
() | () | () | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
( - 1- ) | 0,,0 | - | |||
( - 1 - ) | 0,,0 | ||||
( - 1- ) | 1,,0 | ||||
( - 1 - ) | 2,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 3,,0 | ||||
( - 1 - ) | 3,,0 | - | |||
( - 1 - ) | 3,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | - | 5,,0 | - | ||
( - 3 ) | 6,,0 | ||||
( - 4- ) | 8,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | - | 8,,0 | - | ||
( - 5 - ) | 10,,0 | ||||
10,,0 | - | ||||
10,,0 | - | ||||
( - 3 ) | - | 10,,0 | - | ||
10,,0 | |||||
( - 2 ) | 11,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 11,,0 | ||||
( - 2 ) | 11,,0 | ||||
- | 11,,0 | ||||
11,,0 | |||||
( - 6 - ) | 11,,0 | - | |||
( - 3 ) | 12,,0 | - | |||
( - 3 ) | 12,,0 | ||||
( - 7 ) | - | 12,,0 | |||
12,,0 | |||||
( - 3 ) | - | 13,,0 |
pH:
. :
PH ( ) - , . H + . H + ( 1 1), H 3 O + ( ). , ([H 3 O + ] <1 M [HO -, :
, , pH 0 14, . , , , :
, pH 7, , 7, , 7. , . .
, pH. pH, , . , . , p K i , , , , . pH p K i .
- , . .: () , - .
/ ( ). InH , In - . , - , , :
[X] - X ·p K i, K i : p K i p K i, .
p K i .
- , A ( ) , , :
, :
Φ 0 Φ 1 - .
ε λ (1) ε λ (2) c 1 c 2 , :
, , , , :
, .
, pH, p K i .
, , , :
:
p K i InH / In - :
, . . , , , , . :
, . ( σ π , n p). ( π- , n π * ) ( ):
λ max () | ||
---|---|---|
C = C | π → π * | |
C = O | π → π * | |
C 6 H 5 | → π * π → π * | - |
N = N | → π * | |
N = O | → π * |
, , , , .
- . , .
, , –OH, –OCH 3 , –NH 2 , –Cl, –N (CH 3 ) 2 , , , . , .
- : . π- , , , .
- - - , . , , , . .
R-CO-OR ' 2 " . .
R-SO 2 -OR «, , .. , « » ( «» pH).
\ | 2 " | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 ' | 3 ' | 4 ' | 5 ' |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO 3 - | Br | Br | |||||||
SO 3 - | Br | Br | Br | Br | |||||
SO 3 - | Br | Br | Br | Br | |||||
SO 3 - | |||||||||
CO 2 - | |||||||||
CO 2 - | |||||||||
NMe 2 | NMe 2 |
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