ISSN: Christopher Columbus opened a new horizon for Europeans to the west just as Marco Polo had to the east. By that time the abolitionist movement was already afoot. The second can be traced to the 19th century, consisting of a mixture of impoverished Basque migrants seeking jobs, especially in Uruguay and in Argentina, and of refugees fleeing from the Spanish War of Independence and the Carlist wars. Mambises was the term used for all rebel fighters of whatever their background in both of the Cuban Wars of Independence.
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