wong alus kejawen metal

This inconspicuous affirmation of a Tengger identity is no more clearly illustrated than in Tengger speech. The ''forms of transmission of knowledge available in a society shape and accommodate social and cultural change" Over the past century—a century of widespread Islamic revival Kartodirdjo ; Ricklefs —popular tradition appears to have been purged of spiritual references at variance with greater Javanese tradition. When a baby is born, when someone falls ill, or when crops are ready for harvest, people inevitably turn to the village priest, who then performs much the same rite of burning incense, anointing offerings, and giving homage to the deities as is used in all priestly liturgy. Some of the estate lands were "borrowed" from and cultivated by local villagers, but others were operated as plantations employing landless laborers, many of whom were ethnic Madurese.

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