mantiq al mudhaffar pdf

The knock on the door is a signifier , and the existence of the person calling you is signified. These, then, are the four possible situations and there is no fifth possibility :. The first thing we refer to as the signifier, and the second as the signified. Muslim apologists have tried to show that 1 the contradictions and contraries are apparent, having no reality; and 2 there are some justified ways for believing in consistency among the verses. Even if ordinary people might sometimes use these expressions, this is only a kind of linguistic indulgence, which is sometimes the result of confusion in the minds of the uneducated.

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